Kamis, 29 Oktober 2015

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Robert E. Lee and The Fall of the Confederacy, 1863-1865 (The American Crisis Series: Books on the Civil War Era), by Ethan S. Rafuse

The generalship of Robert E. Lee, the Confederacy's greatest commander, has long fascinated students of the American Civil War. In assessing Lee and his military career, historians have faced the great challenge of explaining how a man who achieved extraordinary battlefield success in 1862–1863 ended up surrendering his army and accepting the defeat of his cause in 1865. How, in just under two years, could Lee, the Army of Northern Virginia, and the Confederacy have gone from soaring triumph at Chancellorsville to total defeat at Appomattox Court House?

In this reexamination of the last two years of Lee's storied military career, Ethan S. Rafuse offers a clear, informative, and insightful account of Lee's ultimately unsuccessful struggle to defend the Confederacy against a relentless and determined foe. Robert E. Lee and the Fall of the Confederacy describes the great campaigns that shaped the course of this crucial period in American history, the challenges Lee faced in each battle, and the dramatic events that determined the war's outcome.

In addition to providing readable and richly detailed narratives of such campaigns as Gettysburg, Bristoe Station, Spotsylvania, and Appomattox, Rafuse offers compelling analysis of Lee's performance as a commander and of the strategic and operational contexts that influenced the course of the war. He superbly describes and explains the factors that shaped Union and Confederate strategy, how both sides approached the war in Virginia from an operational standpoint, differences in the two sides' respective military capabilities, and how these forces shaped the course and outcome of events on the battlefield.

Rich in insights and analysis, this book provides a full, balanced, and cogent account of how even the best efforts of one of history's great commanders could not prevent the total defeat of his army and its cause. It will appeal to anyone with an interest in the career of Robert E. Lee and the military history of the Civil War.

  • Sales Rank: #399100 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Rowman Littlefield Publishers
  • Published on: 2009-10-16
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.04" h x .71" w x 5.95" l, 1.05 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 283 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

Review

Controversial and compelling from first page to last, Robert E. Lee and the Fall of the Confederacy achieves a trifecta. It affirms Lee's stature as a perceptive strategist who understood Confederate independence could only be achieved by breaking the Union's will in battle, it demonstrates the Army of the Potomac as a fighting force and its successive generals as competent commanders, and it establishes Rafuse in the front rank of a new generation of scholars applying fresh perspectives to the Civil War.

(Dennis E. Showalter, Colorado College; author of Patton and Rommel: Men of War in the Twentieth Century)

Is it really possible there's anything new to say about Robert E. Lee, who probably has had more written about him than any other Civil War military figure? Ethan Rafuse clearly thinks so, and in [this book] he argues his case. . . . Rafuse brings impeccable credentials to his quest. (America's Civil War)

Ethan Rafuse . . . has written one of the most objective, balanced, and perceptive accounts of Lee's strategy and tactics that one could wish for. It is a masterful blend of narrative and analysis. (Civil War News)

[A] clear, solidly researched, and stimulating book full of sensible, balanced judgments wholly free from the polemical self-indulgence bequeathed to this subject by the late Thomas L. Connelly. Rafuse is thus able to explore controversial issues in a no-nonsense fashion. (Journal of American History)

Rafuse's book contains many provocative passages and his thesis about Lee's inability to win Southern independence may well be valid. (Blue & Gray Magazine)

Combining lucid writing, judicious analysis, and refreshing common sense, this new study of Robert E. Lee's generalship shows once again why Ethan S. Rafuse is one of the finest Civil War military historians at work today. (Mark Grimsley, The Ohio State University, author of And Keep Moving On: The Virginia Campaign, May–June 1864)

The author achieved a fresh perspective in this campaign study by structuring his analysis within the framework of the current Army typology of the levels of war: strategic, operational, and tactical. . . . This well researched book is one of the more significant contributions to the historiography of the Civil War in the past decade. (The Journal Of Military History)

This is an important book for young people who are just starting to learn about our American Civil War. . . . I highly recommend this book as a learning tool for our young people who are studying our nation's history. (The Lone Star Book Review)

Rafuse's study thus reflects a reasonably stable scholarly consensus with regard to the high operational quality of Lee's generalship. . . . Rafuse also shows that some historians have too easily conflated a preference among McClellan's successors for the Peninsula as a line or operations with the earlier general's irresolute behavior on the battlefield. (Journal of Southern History)

This study of Lee’s war is a great companion volume to Refuse's works on George B. McClellan and Meade, and builds on the scholarship of historians like Steven E. Woodworth. It asks interesting questions and, at times, offers surprising answers and interpretations about the Civil War in the Virginia theater. Military and Civil War scholars will benefit from its insightfulness, while ‘buffs’ will enjoy another look at how the leaders in blue and gray fought the American Iliad. (Army History)

About the Author
Ethan S. Rafuse is associate professor of military history at the U.S. Army Command and General Staff college at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. His previous books include McClellan's War: The Failure of Moderation in the Struggle for the Union, George Gordon Meade and the War in the East, and A Single Grand Victory: The First Campaign and the Battle of Manassas.

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12 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
From victor to vanquish
By James W. Durney
From the triumph of Chancellorsville to the surrender at Appomattox is less than two years. In this time Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia went from victor to vanquish. Ethan S. Rafuse examines how this happened in this intelligent and thoughtful book. He takes a close look at Lee, his army, political decisions in Richmond and Washington contributed to this process.
This is not a book about failure. This is a story of hanging on in the face of long odds, of maximizing resources and managing upward. The secondary story is how Washington's decisions helped Lee maintain his army until US Grant has the political capital to overrule Washington and pin Lee to Richmond. The author has the knowledge to write this book and the ability to communicate the nuances of strategy to us, allowing the reader to understand the problems Washington created for the Army of the Potomac and how this helped Lee. Washington's insistence on "covering the capital" severely limits operations in Virginia. The refusal to consider an approach up the James River, a holdover from the Seven Days, frees Lee to conduct a war of maneuver.
The book contains one of the few good accounts of the period covering Lee's retreats from Gettysburg to the start of the Overland Campaign. The chapter "Waltzing with Meade" is a revelation to those who know about this but have not seen how it fits into the overall war. This is not a detailed battle history. Battles occur and have a huge impact on the army. However, the reasons for accepting battle, the reaction to it and how this changes the army's position is where the author spends his time.
This is a well-written intelligent account. The author's positions are well supported and footnoted. It can be a challenging read but is never a boring one. Ethan S. Rafuse continues to challenge the standard history of the war with intelligent analysis that is free of existing traditions. In doing so, he is showing us a war that is more historic accurate than anything we have seen. This is another of his great books.

4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
"Not yet."
By James Levy
That was the answer General Longstreet gave to General Lee after he perused U.S. Grant's first call for the Army of Northern Virginia to surrender as it fled the defenses of Richmond and Petersburg. I think it nicely summarizes the mindset of Lee and some of the elite generals of the South as the war moved from devastating to hopeless. For even in triumph at Chancellorsville Lee lost 17,000 of the 60,000 men he brought to action. Ethan Rafuse does a commendable job of explicating the unfolding of that process as Southern victory became more and more unlikely. It was a struggle by serious-minded professionals to fight until honor was satisfied. First among those professionals was, of course, Robert E. Lee. Rafuse shows convincingly that Lee was not interested in a Gotterdammerung. He wanted to win, of course, but also to lose respectably if that was his fate. The later "logic" of Mutually Assured Destruction and "better dead than Red" was not in Lee's mentality. Rafuse understand this about Lee, and how his culture and personality informed his view of the world, a worldview quite different from most of ours today. When you add Rafuse's knowledge of the literature and grasp of military affairs, you've got yourself an excellent book. I would recommend it to anyone interested in the period.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Great!
By Dija
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Informal Philosophy provides an original look at how we should understand and teach philosophy. Avrum Stroll persuasively argues that philosophy should be evaluated using its own methodology and should not merely mimic formal scientific analysis, because while modern science does inform our philosophical views about man and his place in nature, it does not solve philosophical problems. Stroll effectively makes the case for the use of informal philosophy_that is, an approach guided by common sense, appealing to ordinary discourse, and employing a context-driven line of inquiry_to answer philosophical problems.

  • Sales Rank: #5569653 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Rowman Littlefield Publishers
  • Published on: 2009-05-16
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.47" h x .72" w x 6.36" l, .95 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 192 pages
Features
  • ISBN13: 9780742570276
  • Condition: New
  • Notes: BRAND NEW FROM PUBLISHER! 100% Satisfaction Guarantee. Tracking provided on most orders. Buy with Confidence! Millions of books sold!

Review
Avrum Stroll presents an attractive alternative to formal philosophy in his new book. He covers a large part of classical philosophical problems with verve and insight. His "method of cases" is an especially fruitful approach to solving philosophical problems. (Aloysius P. Martinich, Roy Allison Vaughan Centennial Professor in Philosophy, University of Texas)

Swimming against the tide, Avrum Stroll develops a powerful alternative conception of 'informal philosophy', a conception that attributes to philosophy an independent, legitimate―and, yes, intellectually important―life of its own. Standing on the three legs of common sense, ordinary language, and the method of cases ('scenarios'), informal philosophy is not a handmaiden of science; neither is it simply a method for resolving conceptual confusions. Professor Stroll shows how much life still exists in post-World War II 'ordinary-language' philosophical movement. As the most eminent living practitioner of 'informal philosophy', Stroll brilliantly shows both its power and its appeal. (Michael J. White, Arizona State University)

Students and non-academic lovers of philosophy will find themselves absorbed by this enlightening and sobering reassessment of formal philosophy. Avrum Stroll provides a refreshing alternative: philosophy as the strong liking for knowledge of what is true or right, complemented by good judgment and common sense about practical matters. Written in Stroll's characteristic plain speech, Informal Philosophy will be (thoroughly) enjoyed. (Danièle Moyal-Sharrock, University of Hertfordshire)

This book includes much discussion of the problems of other minds and the existence of the external world. . . . Recommended. (CHOICE, December 2009)

Here is a philosopher with his feet on the ground who tells us that while it is up to science to form our theories, sometimes common sense can be more valuable. He shows how a piecemeal look at language uncovers facts and conceptual issues beyond the reach of theoretical or any formal approaches.The rigor and astounding clarity that Avrum Stroll brings to his case for an informal and context-sensitive approach to philosophy is an example to us all and sets a standard that formalists themselves will appreciate. (Alastair Hannay, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, University of Olso)

About the Author
Avrum Stroll is Research Professor of Philosophy at the University of California at San Diego.

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Senin, 26 Oktober 2015

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Public sociology—an approach to sociology that aims to communicate with and actively engage wider audiences—has been one of the most widely discussed topics in the discipline in recent years. The Handbook of Public Sociology presents a comprehensive look at every facet of public sociology in theory and practice. It pays particular attention to how public sociology can complement more traditional types of sociological practice to advance both the analytical power of the discipline and its ability to benefit society. The volume features contributions from a stellar list of authors, including several past presidents of the American Sociological Association such as Michael Burawoy, a leading proponent of public sociology.

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  • Sales Rank: #2468113 in Books
  • Published on: 2011-08-19
  • Released on: 2011-08-19
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.12" h x 1.19" w x 6.08" l, 1.74 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 504 pages

Review
This is a useful volume. . . . Recommended. (CHOICE, May 2010)

The publication of The Handbook of Public Sociology is timely and important. While it reveals the tensions and disputes about public sociology within the discipline of sociology, it also makes clear its potential to educate the public on many crucial social problems and issues confronting our society. This volume is a must-read for those who believe that sociology's findings, theories and ideas should be more widely disseminated. (William Julius Wilson, Lewis P. and Linda L. Geyser University Professor, Harvard University)

About the Author
Vincent Jeffries is professor of sociology at California State University, Northridge.

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Like snapshots of everyday life in the past, the compelling biographies in this book document the making of the Black Atlantic world since the sixteenth century from the point of view of those who were part of it. Centering on the diaspora caused by the forced migration of Africans to Europe and across the Atlantic to the Americas, the chapters explore the slave trade, enslavement, resistance, adaptation, cultural transformations, and the quest for citizenship rights. The variety of experiences, constraints and choices depicted in the book and their changes across time and space defy the idea of a unified "black experience." At the same time, it is clear that in the twentieth century, "black" identity unified people of African descent who, along with other "minority" groups, struggled against colonialism and racism and presented alternatives to a version of modernity that excluded and alienated them. Drawing on a rich array of little-known documents, the contributors reconstruct the lives and times of some well-known characters along with ordinary people who rarely left written records and would otherwise have remained anonymous and unknown.

Contributions by: Aaron P. Althouse, Alan Bloom, Marcus J. M. de Carvalho, Aisnara Perera Díaz, María de los Ángeles Meriño Fuentes, Flávio dos Santos Gomes, Hilary Jones, Beatriz G. Mamigonian, Charles Beatty Medina, Richard Price, Sally Price, Cassandra Pybus, Karen Racine, Ty M. Reese, João José Reis, Lorna Biddle Rinear, Meredith L. Roman, Maya Talmon-Chvaicer, and Jerome Teelucksingh.

  • Sales Rank: #2292998 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Rowman Littlefield Publishers
  • Published on: 2009-11-16
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.15" h x .66" w x 6.10" l, .80 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 236 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

Review
This wonderful addition to the growing scholarship attempts, quite successfully, to add a human face to the black Atlantic. A topical bibliography and a filmography provide instructors and students alike a guide for further research. Highly recommended. (CHOICE)

This is the richest and most scholarly collection of individual narratives shaped by the African diaspora since Philip Curtin's Africa Remembered of more than forty years ago. These thirteen biographies span four centuries and offer a compellingly diverse range of the black Atlantic experience. Essential reading for all historians of the Atlantic World. (David Eltis, Emory University)

Indispensable for anyone interested in Black Atlantic history. Through well-researched and well-written biographies, the authors move beyond Eurocentric approaches to the past by showing the central role of Africans and their Afro-American descendants in the making of the early modern and modern Atlantic World. (Walter Hawthorne, Michigan State University)

About the Author
Beatriz G. Mamigonian is professor of history at the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil. Karen Racine is associate professor of Latin American history at the University of Guelph, Canada.

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1 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Hard Read
By jes
The author apparently went out of her way to make this book a hard read. Big words and obscure references are never ideal. Fortunately the subject matter is interesting enough to overcome the writing.

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Senin, 12 Oktober 2015

** Ebook Global Information Society: Technology, Knowledge, and Mobility (Human Geography in the Twenty-First Century: Issues and Applications)By

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This unique and empowering text offers a comprehensive, global perspective on the information society from a broad social science perspective. The authors, at the forefront of this dynamic field, provide an interdisciplinary introduction to the three pillars of the information society-technology, knowledge, and mobility-and to the global information society as a whole, both as an interconnected web and a regionally distinct phenomenon. Offering a nuanced understanding of this complex subject, this book will enable students to navigate and thrive in the dynamic and evolving world of information and communication technology.

  • Sales Rank: #2663090 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Rowman Littlefield Publishers
  • Published on: 2013-04-11
  • Released on: 2013-04-11
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.96" h x .64" w x 6.04" l, .85 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 298 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

Review
This book offers a welcome call toward harnessing the power of the citizenry of the information society to help create better futures for locales around the world. (Matthew Zook, University of Kentucky)

Global knowledge production, consumption, and exchange—whether print, visual, or social media—are challenges facing individuals, societies, governments, and also members of interdisciplinary scholarly communities. This volume provides a detailed, engaging, and thoughtful discussion on the regional impacts of information and communication technologies and recent and prospective technological innovations. (Stanley D. Brunn, editor of Collapsing Space and Time: A Geography of Information and Communication)

This book, part of the 'Human Geography in the Twenty-First Century' series, is aptly titled. The underlying focus is the impact of society's new and vast ability to access information and communicate rapidly worldwide. The first part of the book primarily provides observational aspects of an information society and attempts to define those observations. The chapters in part 2, 'Mapping the Global Information Society,' discuss different geographic areas. This section is very important since the likely readership will be from the US, and getting an international perspective on the impact of information can be enlightening. The third section builds on the previous chapters to show the importance of good policy and planning. Readers may find the makeup of the authors unique. Wilson and Corey (both, Michigan State) and Kellerman (emer., Univ. of Haifa, Israel) have combined expertise in the fields of geography and urban/regional planning and design; their writing reflects their wide range of experience in these areas. The emphasis of the book is not necessarily on technology itself, but on analyzing the policy and planning behind the rollout of technological innovations and their impact on different regions of the world and different population subsets. Summing Up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates through researchers/faculty; general readers. (CHOICE)

[T]he book has something for everyone. For those needing a succinct summary of the intellectual underpinnings of the information society, or a brief compendium of data on nearly all countries, the book has little competition. For those needing guidance on how to involve stakeholders in a serious attempt to grapple locally with global change, that is here, too. (AAG Review of Books)

Global Information Society . . . offers a helping hand at a particularly important time when changes in technology, the economy, and our society continue to gather pace. The book takes the readers on a historical journey, explaining how the concept of information society has come about; the opportunities and challenges involved from multiple perspectives and at different levels of analysis; how it has evolved to its current form; and to a lesser extent, where it might be going next. . . . Written by three distinguished digital immigrants who have witnessed, experienced, and researched the transition from the industrial to the information society over several decades . . . the book reminds the readers that the world did not become an information society overnight. The transition, however turbulent, radical, and revolutionary some of the changes have been, took decades to evolve and take hold. . . . The historical reviews and analytical frameworks presented in the book will not only help the readers make sense of the rapidly changing world in the global information society, but also gain the confidence and conviction to pursue new economic and social opportunities going forward. (Economic Geography)

Global Information Society: Technology, Knowledge, and Mobility authors Mark I.Wilson, Aharon Kellerman and Kenneth E.Corey are very clear in their intentions for this book: to 'empower its reader to understand the complexities of the networked global information society and to use that understanding to promote awareness and to positively effect change.' That this work is intended to facilitate the work of practitioners in the field of information and communication technology (ICT) development is a point the authors frequently return to throughout the text, but students of the field will also find this book highly useful. . . .Though this book is written with planners and ICT development professionals in mind, it is an excellent resource for those who want to learn more about the practicalities of ICT development planning or who are looking for a primer on the information society.The text combines dense theory with practical application in a straightforward, engaging, and highly readable manner. (Geographical Review)

About the Author
Mark I. Wilson is professor in the School of Planning, Design and Construction at Michigan State University. Aharon Kellerman is professor emeritus in the Department of Geography at the University of Haifa and president of Zefat Academic College, Israel. Kenneth E. Corey is professor in the Department of Geography and in the Urban and Regional Planning Program at Michigan State University.

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Today we live in times of proliferating fears. The daily updates on the ongoing 'war on terror' amplify fear and anxiety as if they were necessary and important aspects of our reality. Concerns about the environment increasingly take center-stage, as stories and images abound about deadly viruses, alien species invasions, scarcity of oil, water, food; safety of GMOs, biological weapons, and fears of overpopulation. Making Threats: Biofears and Environmental Anxieties addresses how such environmental and biological fears are used to manufacture threats to individual, national, and global security. Contributors from environmental studies, political science, international security, biology, sociology and anthropology discuss what they share in common: the view that fears should be critically examined to avoid unnecessary alarm and scapegoating of people and nations as the 'enemy Other'. In these highly original and thought-provoking essays, Making Threats focuses on five themes: security, scarcity, purity, circulation and terror. No other book has systematically examined the proliferation of fear in the context of current world events and from such a multidisciplinary perspective. It consolidates in one place cutting edge research and reflection on how the contemporary landscape of fear shapes and is shaped by environmental and biological discourses. By uncovering the linguistic tools that make fear resonate in the public consciousness, by identifying the interests that create or are sustained by fears, in short by giving fears histories, Making Threats: Biofears and Environmental Anxieties engages with some of the most potent and disturbing political and cultural aspects of the contemporary scene.

  • Sales Rank: #2719645 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Rowman n Littlefield Publishers
  • Published on: 2005-11-01
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.88" h x .66" w x 7.34" l, .81 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 272 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

About the Author
Betsy Hartmann is the Director of the Population and Development Program at Hampshire College. Banu Subramaniam is Assistant Professor of Women's Studies at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and Charles Zerner is Professor of Environmental Studies at Sarah Lawrence College.

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1 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
How about a discount?
By Jahana
Rowman & Littlefield titles are not discounted by Amazon. Why? Are they an academic press? So I went to the university library and got a copy there to check it out. It's excellent material; consistently good from essay to essay. On that basis I would buy the book for future reference if it weren't so darn expensive. I know Rowman & Littlefield ain't paying huge royalties to the editors who in any case draw their principal income from the university. So why does the consumer get stuck with paying the premium for an anthology such as this? C'mon trade books are discounted; why not books such as this one? Again, with the usual Amazon discount I would have bought this book straight away and not even have bothered with the library edition. I spend thousands of dollars a year on books, CDs, and other media; it's part of my job. But please give us a break on the price.

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In this powerful and moving memoir, Robert Beecham tells of his Civil War experiences, both as an enlisted man in the fabled Iron Brigade of the Army of the Potomac and as an officer commanding a newly raised African-American unit. Written in 1902, Beecham recounts his war experiences with a keen eye toward the daily life of the soldier, the suffering and brutality of war, and the remarkable acts of valor, by soldiers both black and white, that punctuated the grind of long campaigns. As If It Were Glory is an unforgettable account of the Civil War, unclouded by sentimentality and insistent that the nation remain true to the cause for which it fought.

Beecham's war was a long one—he served from May 1861 through the completion of the war in the spring of 1865. With the Iron Brigade he saw action at such momentous battles as Chancellorsville and then at Gettysburg, where he was taken prisoner. Returned to service in a prison exchange, Beecham was promoted to first lieutenant of the 23rd United States Colored Troops whom he lead in fierce fighting at the Battle of the Crater. At the Crater, Beecham was wounded, again captured, and, after eight months in a Confederate prison, escaped to find his way to Annapolis just before the conclusion of the war.

In his narrative, Beecham celebrates the ingenuity of the enlisted man at the expense of officers who are often arrogant or incompetent. He also chides the altered recollections of fellow veterans who remember only triumphs and forgot defeats. In one of the most powerful parts of his memoir, Beecham pays tribute to the valor of the African Americans who fought under his command and insists that they were "the bravest and best soldiers that ever lived."

  • Sales Rank: #3634035 in Books
  • Published on: 2007-08-10
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.03" h x .60" w x 6.06" l, .78 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 264 pages

Review
Beecham pulls no punches in this lively memoir of his service as a soldier in the famed Iron Brigade and as an officer of African-American troops. Unlike most Civil War memoirs, this one does not romanticize the war nor does it make any concessions to the Confederacy, which Beecham in 1902 considered to have been as wrong and baneful as he had four decades earlier when he gave four years of his life fighting for Union and freedom. (James M. McPherson, author of The Battle Cry of Freedom)

An exceptional memoir by an unusually idealistic and sophisticated Iron Brigade soldier who fought from Bull Run to Gettysburg and who finished the war as an officer in a Black regiment. Beecham understood the war in terms of freedom and rejected the racist and counterfactual postwar myth of the Lost Cause. Highly recommended. (Alan T. Nolan, author of The Iron Brigade: A Military History)

Robert Beecham's outstanding memoir is marked by insight and humor. He never forgot that he was marching to history's drum whether with the Iron Brigade at Gettysburg or on the drill field with his black regiment. This is a front-rank look at the American Civil War. (Lance J. Herdegen, author of The Men Stood Like Iron: How the Iron Brigade Won Its Name)

This bold and refreshing memoir tears away at the growing shroud of myths during the postwar era of reconciliation. . . . For Beecham, like Abraham Lincoln before him, African-Americans made as good soldiers as any, and in Beecham's eyes, sometimes better. (Joseph T. Glatthaar, author of Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers)

From the Back Cover
Robert Beecham recounts his Civil War experiences, both as an enlisted man in the fabled Iron Brigade and as an officer commanding a newly-raised African American unit. In addition to telling his exciting account, Beecham describes the daily life of the Civil War soldier. His stories range from lively accounts of foraging expeditions to describing conditions in military hospitals. In his narrative, Beecham celebrates the ingenuity of the enlisted man at the expense of officers who are often arrogant or incompetent. He also chides the altered recollections of fellow veterans who remember only triumphs and forget defeats.

About the Author
Michael E. Stevens is state historic preservation officer at the Wisconsin Historical Society. He has written and edited several books on common men and women during war including: Letters From the Front, 1898–1945, Women Remember the War, 1941–1945, Remembering the Holocaust, and Voices from Vietnam.

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3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Glory and some glitches
By M. Chesson
Robert Beecham served four years in the 2nd Wisconsin and as a lieutenant in the 23rd U.S.C.T. Often ill, he missed much Iron Brigade fighting befort his capture on the first day of Gettysburg. After being exchanged, his black regiment escorted supply trains and built fortifications until the Petersburg Crater, where Beecham was again captured. With the virtues of an enlisted man's viewpoint and a commitment to black soldiers and racial equality, the memoir is valuable for what Beecham actually saw, but belongs to the "bloody shirt" school of historiography. His Gettysburg account includes much that he never witnessed; he "quotes" conversations between Lee and his generals; and his prisoner mortality rates are ridiculous. Knowledgeable readers may profit from this strongly opinionated 1902 memoir, but should examine it with a critical eye.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Tom
By Tom
Great book. As someone that is interested in the Iron Brigade, I found this book very interesting.

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## PDF Ebook the New Organon, and Related Writings (Collected Works of Sir Francis Bacon), by Francis Bacon

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the New Organon, and Related Writings (Collected Works of Sir Francis Bacon), by Francis Bacon

2015 Reprint of 1960 Edition. Full facsimile of the original edition. Not reproduced with Optical Recognition Software. The "Novum Organum", full original title "Novum Organum Scientiarum" or 'new instrument of science', is a Bacon's landmark work scientific method. First published in 1620, the title is a reference to Aristotle's work "Organon," which was his treatise on logic and syllogism. Bacon outlines a new system of logic he believes to be superior to the old ways of syllogism. This is now known as the Baconian method.For Bacon, finding the essence of a thing was a simple process of reduction, and the use of inductive reasoning. In finding the cause of a 'phenomenal nature' such as heat, one must list all of the situations where heat is found. Then another list should be drawn up, listing situations that are similar to those of the first list except for the lack of heat. A third table lists situations where heat can vary. The 'form nature', or cause, of heat must be that which is common to all instances in the first table, is lacking from all instances of the second table and varies by degree in instances of the third table. Bacon's work was instrumental in the historical development of the scientific method. Includes Bacon's Essay on "Great Instauration," and "Preparative Toward a Material and Experimental History."

  • Sales Rank: #14551964 in Books
  • Published on: 2000-05
  • Binding: Library Binding

From the Publisher
Library of Liberal Arts title.

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5 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
The Historical Source on the Modern "Scientific Method"
By Scholastic Reader
Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was a Christian lawyer who made his mark on history by writing the "Great Instauration" which included "the New Organon". He was at the forefront at the time of the Scientific Revolution.

"The New Organon" (1620) and the rest of the "Great Instauration" was to be one of his last contributions and it was to be one of his greatest critiques of knowledge at the time aside from his other works such as "The Advancement on Learning" and others found in Francis Bacon: The Major Works (Oxford World's Classics). The knowledge that he was critiquing was the knowledge of nature, aka "Natural Philosophy". "Natural Philosophy" was the common term for what we call "Science" today up to the 19th and part of the 20th century and the word "Science" comes from the Latin word "scientia" which literally means "knowledge".

"The New Organon" is the work on the modern "Scientific Method" and its variants. Its major contribution to science was inductive reasoning, which resonates through science today. After the publication, knowledge of nature was to be formally derived from experiences of the senses via systematic experiments, and systematic elimination of alternative explanations. Francis Bacon mainly pushed for a more systematic and focused way of generating and securing knowledge - including knowledge from nature. According to Francis Bacon, studying nature and natural phenomenon also was a way fulfilling God's purpose in man and nature - to discover and increase in knowledge, or as he called it, "The Divine Providence". See The Religious Foundations of Francis Bacon's Thought (ERIC VOEGELIN INST SERIES) for more on his inspiration for his writings.

However, this does not mean that natural philosophers before Francis Bacon were doing their science without inductive reasoning. Robert Grosseteste (1175-1253) and numerous other medieval players in the 1200s had already formed the a scientific method and a framework centuries before (see Robert Grosseteste and Origins of Experimental Science, 1100-1700). Roger Bacon (1214-1292) wrote Opus Majus of Roger Bacon, Part 1 and Part 2 which had experimental methodology. Well before this we have a few glimpses through the works of Isidore of Seville and Galen and also the original 'organon' of Aristotle.

Of course, it was Willam Whewell in the 19th century who helped developed today's concept of science, coined the term "scientist" in 1834, and pushed for Baconian induction at the center of science in his famous work The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences: Founded Upon Their History, Vol. 1 of 2 (Classic Reprint) and Vol. 2 (1840).

Francis Bacon's "New Organon" was to replace Aristotle's 'organon', which was made up of a few of his works in Logic, especially Aristotle's "scientific method" in his work called "Posterior Analytics". There are many similarities between both Organons. One highlight of Francis Bacon's book is that it focused heavily on emphasizing the use of science to benefit humanity - power. For further research on excellent scientific advancements through time from Ancient to Medieval times please read some primary documents found here: A Sourcebook in Medieval Science (Source Books in the History of the Sciences) and The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook and Greek Science of the Hellenistic Era: A Sourcebook.

The book includes his vision for the structure of the "Great Instauration", "the New Organon", "Description of a Natural and Experimental History" and "Catalogue of Particular Histories by Title". The eloquent 1863 translation brings out Bacon's original voice with the power and the fury of the philosophers and the Christian rationalists.

The New Organon is divided into two books. Here is a summary of what you will find in Bacon's work on the "Scientific Method' and its variants:

Book 1 (Basically, Critiques of Knowledge):

Critiques of letting pure reason be the guide to acquiring knowledge of nature and redirecting to letting nature be the guide to interpreting nature; consider more than just anticipations in nature; the 4 Idols of understanding that give men false understanding, error, speculation: Idols of the Tribe, Cave, Marketplace, and Theatre (XXXIX-LXII); critique of Aristotle's manipulation of nature to suit his philosophy and lack of experimentation; full blown critiques of problems in the 3 classes of Rational Schools of Philosophy: Sophistry [dependence on wit] , Empirical [big claims, little evidence, dogmas], Superstitious [mixing weird theology and philosophy] (LXII-LXV); making a science of the Book of Genesis [in context of his time, Bacon saw this as useless because there was no way to verify the origins of the universe or archaeology to validate stories in Genesis] (LXV); seeing God's creation of light in Genesis as a lens on how to enlighten and buffer the sciences via conducting 2 types of experimentation : Experimentation of Light and Fruit (LXX); things that distracted men from focusing on natural philosophy; benefits of discovery; bad memories of few tensions between natural philosophy and religion, and Bacon's defense of compatibility between natural philosophy and religion (LXXIX); science being hindered the greatest by men thinking things impossible [plea for optimism in science for sake of discovery using Columbus as an example] (XCII); applying mathematics to nature; increasing natural knowledge fulfills Biblical prophecy from the Book of Daniel [Divine Providence] (XCIII); building axioms upon axioms as way of increasing knowledge of nature; examples of benefits of discovery in terms of technology for humanity (CX); applying the Scientific Method on politics, ethics, memory, etc. (CXXVII); comparative analysis; emphasis on history to further knowledge of nature and more.

Book 2 (Basically, Controlled experiments and examples of applications of his methods of induction in analysis of information):

Types of systematic inquiry for interpretation of nature; investigating the nature of a spirit (VII); 2 kinds of axioms: Metaphysical and Physical (IX); experiments from axioms and axioms from experience; comparative tables of instances with similar, dissimilar, and missing natures; short procedures to try on these natures and things with similar and dissimilar natures to compare quality of substances; 27 Prerogative Instances that aid in interpreting nature carefully and correctly [divided into 2 parts: Operational aspects of science and Informational aspects of science]; with examples and wanderings of inquiry from Bacon on the nature of magnets, light, liquids, heat, and so on.

Overall, this is truly one of the greatest accomplishments in the realm of inquiries of nature. Modern scientists and engineers can learn a lot from this work in terms of how to be humble and reasonable via experiments which are, in turn, based on experience via the senses and in the case of history, on the testimony of historians and people form the past. Bacon's optimism for the future of studies in nature (science) are a major highlight of the book for he was very prudent and had a futuristic vision of discovery. Bacon's naturalism, like most scientists in his time and even today, is not a metaphysical naturalism, but is instead a physical naturalism where his belief in God, the Bible, and nature are not in conflict, but are instead complementary. He desires for naturalists to be cautionary when interpreting both the Book of Nature and the Book of God. Science is more than just direct physical evidence, in fact science is a metaphysical enterprise - knowledge and certainty. Science includes indirect evidence, methods, explanations, speculations, reasoning, interpretation, curiosity, inference, etc. But, ultimately, searching for consistency of ideas in hopes of reflecting nature's tendencies as best as possible is the main goal in science. It is an attempt to simulate reality from using our minds and gathering information from nature just as we do when we smell organic compounds such as food or when we look at effects of heat on a candle.

For further reading on the nature of science and the methods please read: Scientific Method in Practice, The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation (2nd edition), "The Structure of Scientific Theories".

I find it interesting that Francis Bacon wrote in some other works:

"Thirdly, in physics likewise I maintain this - that a little natural philosophy and the first entrance into it inclines men's opinions to Atheism; but on the other hand much natural philosophy and a deeper progress into it brings men's minds about again to religion. So that Atheism appears to be convicted on all sides of folly and ignorance: and it is truly the saying of fools, that there is no God."

In his his time, natural philosophy = science. This was probably one of his reasons for promoting science to the masses - to broaden views. Since he was in the forefront of the scientific revolution, it is interesting to note that in the New Organon, he saw Printing, Gunpowder and the Compass as the inventions that would lead to unstoppable and rapid change in the world - including what we call the Scientific Revolution:

"Again, it is well to observe the force and virtue and consequences of discoveries, and these are to be seen nowhere more conspicuously than in those three which were unknown to the ancients, and of which the origin, though recent, is obscure and inglorious; namely, printing, gunpowder, and the magnet. For these three have changed the whole face and state of things throughout the world; the first in literature, the second in warfare, the third in navigation; whence have followed innumerable changes, insomuch that no empire, no sect, no star seems to have exerted greater power and influence in human affairs than these mechanical discoveries.

Further, it will not be amiss to distinguish the three kinds and, as it were, grades of ambition in mankind. The first is of those who desire to extend their own power in their native country, a vulgar and degenerate kind. The second is of those who labor to extend the power and dominion of their country among men. This certainly has more dignity, though not less covetousness. But if a man endeavor to establish and extend the power and dominion of the human race itself over the universe, his ambition (if ambition it can be called) is without doubt both a more wholesome and a more noble thing than the other two. Now the empire of man over things depends wholly on the arts and sciences. For we cannot command nature except by obeying her.

Again, if men have thought so much of some one particular discovery as to regard him as more than man who has been able by some benefit to make the whole human race his debtor, how much higher a thing to discover that by means of which all things else shall be discovered with ease! And yet (to speak the whole truth), as the uses of light are infinite in enabling us to walk, to ply our arts, to read, to recognize one another -- and nevertheless the very beholding of the light is itself a more excellent and a fairer thing than all the uses of it -- so assuredly the very contemplation of things as they are, without superstition or imposture, error or confusion, is in itself more worthy than all the fruit of inventions.

Lastly, if the debasement of arts and sciences to purposes of wickedness, luxury, and the like, be made a ground of objection, let no one be moved thereby. For the same may be said of all earthly goods: of wit, courage, strength, beauty, wealth, light itself, and the rest. Only let the human race recover that right over nature which belongs to it by divine bequest, and let power be given it; the exercise thereof will be governed by sound reason and true religion." (Book 1, CXXIX)

5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
The keystone that all critically thinking empiricist must possess!!!
By dirtymc
Francis Bacon's "The New Organon" is one of those books that entirely too few people sit down and read. That is a shame becuase if the lessons that he wrote down in this book were to be followed there would be considerably less strife when it comes to figuring out what's science and what is pseudoscience. I cannot state this enough it is a must read for anyone looking to review information on today's most pressing medical/science debates.

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
A PROPOSAL TO REPLACE CLASSICAL AND MEDIEVAL DEDUCTIVE SYLLOGISTIC LOGIC WITH "INDUCTION THROUGHOUT"
By Steven H Propp
Francis Bacon (1561-1626), was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, essayist, and author. He also wrote Essays: Or Councils, Civil and Moral.

"Organon" was the name given by Aristotle's followers to his works on logic. By proposing a "New" Organon, Bacon was suggesting a new method for finding out truth, that was completely different from the classical Greek and Medieval Christian deductive models. Bacon asserts, "Aristotle... corrupted natural philosophy by his logic: fashioning the world out of categories,; assigning to the human soul... a genus from words of the second intention; doing the business of density and rarity... by the frigid distinction of act and power; asserting the single bodies have each a single and proper motion, and that if they participate in any other, then this results from an external cause; and imposing countless other arbitrary restrictions on the nature of things; being always more solicitous to provide an answer to the question and affirm something positive in words, than about the inner truth of things..." (LXIII, pg. 60)

He states in The Great Instauration [i.e., restoration], "I therefore reject the syllogism, and that not only as regards principles... but also as regards middle propositions... therefore, I leave to the syllogism and these famous and boasted modes of demonstration their jurisdiction over popular arts and such as are matter of opinion... yet in dealing with the nature of things I will use induction throughout, and that in the minor propositions as well as the major. For I consider induction to be that form of demonstration which upholds the sense, and closes with nature, and comes to the very brink of operation, if it does not actually deal with it." (Pg. 19-20)

He wrote in the Preface to the New Organon, "Now my method, though hard to practice, is easy to explain; and it is this. I propose to establish progressive stages of certainty. The evidence of the sense, helped and guarded by a certain process of correction, I retain. But the mental operation which follows the act of sense I for the most part reject; and instead of it I open and lay out a new a certain path for the mind to proceed in, starting directly from the simple sensuous perception... the entire work of the understanding [should] be commenced afresh, and the mind itself be from the very outset not left to take its own course, but guided at every step; and the business be done as if by machinery." (Pg. 33-34)

He asserts, "The syllogism consists of propositions, propositions consist of words, words are symbols of notions. Therefore if the notions themselves ... are confused and overhastily abstracted from the facts, there can be no firmness in the superstructure. Our only hope therefore lies in a true induction." (XIV, pg. 41) He continued, "There are and can be only two ways of searching into and discovering truth. The one flies from the senses and particulars to the most general axioms, and from these principles... proceeds to judgment and to the discovery of middle axioms. And this way is now in fashion. The other derives axioms from the senses and particulars, rising by a gradual and unbroken ascent, so that it arrives at the most general axioms last of all. This is the true way, as yet untried." (XIX, pg. 43) He suggests, "The understanding must not therefore be supplied with wings, but rather hung with weights, to keep it from leaping and flying. Now this has never yet been done; when it is done, we may entertain better hopes of the sciences." (CIV, pg. 98) He states, "For new discoveries must be sought from the light of nature, not fetched back out of the darkness of antiquity." (CXXII, pg. 112)

In his "Aphorisms On the Composition of the Primary History," he observes, "Natural history, which in its subject... is threefold, is in its use twofold. For it is used either for the sake of the knowledge of the particular things which it contains or as the primary material of philosophy and the stuff and subject matter of true induction. And it is this latter which is now in hand---now, I say, for the first time; nor has it ever been taken in hand till now." (Pg. 273-274) He concludes his "Catalogue of Particular Histories by Titles" with the statement, "For I care little about the mechanical arts themselves: only about those things which they contribute to the equipment of philosophy." (Pg. 292)

Bacon's New Organon is not only one of the true "classics" of modern philosophy, but one of the most important works in the development of the history of science. It will be "must reading" for anyone interested in intellectual history.

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